Live-bootstrap

stage0-posix
This is where all the magic begins. We start with our hex0 and kaem seeds and bootstrap our way up to M2-Planet, a subset of C, and mes-m2, an independent port of GNU Mes to M2-Planet. The following steps are taken here:


 * hex0 (seed)
 * hex0 compiles hex1
 * hex0 compiles catm
 * hex1 compiles hex2 (v1)
 * hex2 (v1) compiles M0
 * M0 compiles cc_x86
 * cc_x86 compiles M2-Planet (v1)
 * M2-Planet (v1) compiles blood-elf (v1)
 * M2-Planet (v1) compiles hex2 (final)
 * M2-Planet (v1) compiles M1
 * M2-Planet (v1) compiles kaem
 * M2-Planet (v1) compiles blood-elf (final)
 * M2-Planet (v1) compiles get_machine
 * M2-Planet (v1) compiles M2-Planet (final)
 * M2-Planet (final) compiles mescc-tools-extra (see next step)

This seems very intimidating, but becomes clearer when reading the source (start at ).

From here, we can move on from the lowest level stuff.

mescc-tools-extra
mescc-tools-extra contains some additional programs, namely filesystem utilities  and. This allows us to have one unified directory for our binaries. Futhermore, we also build, a checksumming tool, that we use to ensure reproducibility and authenticity of generated binaries. We also build initial  and utilities to deal with compressed archives.

We now move into the  directory. As stage0-posix has no concept of  (not added until very late in stage0-posix), we have to copy a lot of files into the root of the initramfs, making it very messy. We get into the move ordered directory  here, copying over all of the required binaries from.

mes
is a scheme interpreter. It runs the sister project , which is a C compiler written in scheme, which links against the Mes C Library. All 3 are included in this same repository. Note that we are using the experimental  branch to jump over the gap between and. There are two stages to this part:


 * 1) Compiling an initial mes using  . Note that this is *only* the Mes interpreter, not the libc or anything else.
 * 2) We then use this to compile the Mes libc. We need the libc to compile all the programs until we get musl.

tinycc 0.9.26
is a minimal C compiler that aims to be small and fast. It complies with all C89 and most of C99 standards.

First, we compile janneke’s fork of tcc 0.9.26 using , containing 27 patches to make it operate well in the bootstrap environment and make it compilable using. This is a non-trivial process and as seen within tcc.kaem has many different parts within it: a. tcc 0.9.26 is first compiled using. b. The mes libc is recompiled using tcc ( has a non-standard  format), including some additions for later programs. c. tcc 0.9.26 is recompiled 5(!) times to add new features that are required for other features, namely  and. Each time, the libc is also recompiled.

Note that now we begin to delve into the realm of old GNU software, using older versions compilable by tinycc. Prior to this point, all tools have been adapted significantly for the bootstrap; now, we will be using old tooling instead.

gzip 1.2.4
is the most common compression format used for software source code. It is luckily distributed as a barebones uncompressed , which we extract and then build.

Going forward, we can now use  for source code.

tar 1.12
We build GNU Tar 1.12, the last version compilable with mes libc.

sed 4.0.9
You are most likely aware of GNU, a line editor.

patch 2.5.9
is a very useful tool at this stage, allowing us to make significantly more complex edits, including just changes to lines. Luckily, we are able to patch  using   only.

make 3.80
GNU  is now built so we have a more robust building system. allows us to do things like define rules for files rather than writing complex kaem scripts.

bzip2 1.0.8
is a compression format that compresses more than. It is preferred where we can use it, and makes source code sizes smaller.

tinycc 0.9.27
Now, we compile upstream tcc 0.9.27, the latest release of tinycc, using the final version of tcc 0.9.26.

From this point onwards, until further notice, all programs are compiled using tinycc 0.9.27.

We patch tinycc to force static linking.

coreutils 5.0
GNU Coreutils is a collection of widely used utilities such as , ,,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and many others.

A few of the utilities cannot be easily compiled with Mes C library, so we skip them.

The  in this stage replaces the.

heirloom devtools
and  from the Heirloom project. The Heirloom project is a collection of standard UNIX utilities derived from code by Caldera and Sun. Differently from the analogous utilities from the GNU project, they can be compiled with a simple.

bash 2.05b
GNU  is the most well known shell and the most complex piece of software so far. However, it comes with a number of great benefits over kaem, including proper POSIX sh support, globbing, etc.

Bash ships with a bison pre-generated file here which we delete. Unfortunately, we have not bootstrapped bison but fortunately for us, heirloom yacc is able to cope here.

flex 2.5.11
is a tool for generating lexers or scanners: programs that recognize lexical patters.

Unfortunately  also depends on itself for compiling its own scanner, so first flex 2.5.11 is compiled, with its scanner definition manually modified so that it can be processed by lex for the Heirloom project (the required modifications are mostly syntactical, plus a few workarounds to avoid some flex advanced features).

mes 0.23 (libc)
In order to build musl we need tcc to support more than 255 command line arguments. Due to the bug in older mes libc this was not possible. Hence, we patch mes libc.

tcc 0.9.27
Rebuild tcc 0.9.27 to get the fix from patched mes libc. We have to do it using older  because tcc-0.9.27 is not self hosting.

musl 1.1.24
is a C standard library that is lightweight, fast, simple, free, and strives to be correct in the sense of standards-conformance and safety. is used by some distributions of GNU/Linux as their C library. Our previous Mes C library was incomplete which prevented us from building many newer or more complex programs.

has slight problems when building and linking, so we apply a few patches. In particular, we replace all weak symbols with strong symbols and will patch  in the next step to ignore duplicate symbols.

tcc 0.9.27 (musl)
We recompile  against musl. This is a two stage process. First we build tcc-0.9.27 using tcc-0.9.26 that itself links to Mes C library but produces binaries linked to musl. Then we recompile newly produced tcc with itself. Interestingly, tcc-0.9.27 linked against musl is self hosting.

musl 1.1.24 (tcc-musl)
We now rebuild  with the just built , which fixes a number of bugs, particularly regarding floats, in the first.

tcc 0.9.27 (musl v2)
Now that we have a ‘fixed’, we now recompile   as  uses floats extensively.

sed 4.0.9
is rebuilt against musl.

bzip2 1.0.8
is rebuilt unpatched with the new tcc and musl fixing issues with reading files from stdin that existed in the previous build.

m4 1.4.7
is the first piece of software we need in the autotools suite, flex 2.6.4 and bison. It allows macros to be defined and files to be generated from those macros.

flex 2.6.14
We recompile unpatched GNU  using older flex 2.5.11. This is again a two stage process, first compiling flex using  (from ) created by old flex, then recompile   using the new version of flex to remove any buggy artifacts from the old flex.

bison 3.4.1
GNU  is a parser generator. With  and   we can now bootstrap it following https://gitlab.com/giomasce/bison-bootstrap. It’s a 3 stage process:

1. Build bison using a handwritten grammar parser in C. 2. Use bison from previous stage on a simplified bison grammar file. 3. Build bison using original grammar file.

Finally we have a fully functional  executable.

grep 2.4
GNU  is a pattern matching utility. Is is not immediately needed but will be useful later for autotools.

diffutils 2.7
is useful for comparing two files. It is not immediately needed but is required later for autotools.

coreutils 5.0
is rebuilt against musl. Additional utilities are built including,  ,  ,  ,  ,   and . This fixes a variety of issues with existing.

coreutils 6.10
We build,   and   from coreutils 6.10 which are either missing or don't build correctly in 5.0. Other utils are not built at this stage.

gawk 3.0.4
is the GNU implementation of, yet another pattern matching and data extraction utility. It is also required for autotools.

perl 5.000
Perl is a general purpose programming language that is especially suitable for text processing. It is essential for autotools build system because automake and some other tools are written in Perl.

Perl itself is written in C but ships with some pre-generated files that need perl for processing, namely  and. To bootstrap Perl we will start with the oldest Perl 5 version which has the fewest number of pregenerated files. We reimplement two remaining perl scripts in awk and use our custom makefile instead of Perl’s pre-generated Configure script.

At this first step we build  which is   without support for loading modules.

perl 5.003
We now use  from the previous stage to recreate pre-generated files that are shipped in perl 5.003. But for now we still need to use handwritten makefile instead of  script.

perl 5.004_05
Yet another version of perl; the last version buildable with 5.003.

perl 5.005_03
More perl! This is the last version buildable with 5.004. It also introduces the new pregenerated files  and .

perl 5.6.2
Even more perl. 5.6.2 is the last version buildable with 5.005.

autoconf 2.52
GNU Autoconf is a tool for producing  scripts for building, installing and packaging software on computer systems where a Bourne shell is available.

At this stage we still do not have a working autotools system, so we manually install script and replace a few placeholder variables with.

Autoconf 2.52 is the newest version of  that does not need , and hence a bit easier to install.

automake 1.6.3
GNU Automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files. It is another major part of GNU Autotools build system and consists of  and   scripts.

We bootstrap it using a 3 stage process:

1. Use  to replace a few placeholder variables in   script. Then we manually install  script and its dependencies. 2. Patch  to create   file but skip   processing. Again we manually install  script and its dependencies. 3. We now use,  , and   to do a proper build and install.

automake 1.4-p6
This is an older version of GNU Automake. Various versions of GNU Autotools are not fully compatible, and we will need older  to build some older software.

autoconf 2.52
We now properly rebuild  using   and manually installed.

autoconf 2.13
An older  will be necessary to build GNU Binutils.

autoconf 2.12
Yet another old autoconf version that we will need for some parts of GNU Binutils.

libtool 1.4
GNU Libtool is the final part of GNU Autotools. It is a script used to hide away differences when compiling shared libraries on different platforms.

binutils 2.14
The GNU Binary Utilities, or binutils, are a set of programming tools for creating and managing binary programs, object files, libraries, profile data, and assembly source code.

In particular we can now use full featured  instead of  , the GNU linker, which allows us building shared libraries, and the GNU assembler.

musl 1.1.24 (v3)
We rebuild musl for the third time. This time we use GNU ar rather than , so we can drop weak symbols patch. Also, we can use GNU as to build assembly source files, so those assembly files that tcc failed to compile no longer have to be patched.

tcc 0.9.27 (musl v3)
We rebuild tcc against new musl and without a patch to ignore duplicate symbols.

autoconf 2.53
We now start bootstrapping newer versions of autoconf. Version 2.53 now uses. In order to build it with  we have to patch it a bit and then do a second unpatched build with newly built.

automake 1.7
Automake 1.7 and Autoconf 2.54 depend on each other, so we patch out two offending autoconf macros to make it build with.

autoconf 2.54
More.

automake 1.7
Rebuild  with.

autoconf 2.55
Even newer. This is the last version of  that is buildable with.

automake 1.7.8
Newer. This is the latest  that is buildable with.

autoconf 2.57
Newer. This time we were able to skip version 2.56.

autoconf 2.59
Again, we managed to skip one version.

automake 1.8.5
We need newer  to proceed to newer   versions. This is the latest automake version from 1.8 release series.

help2man 1.36.4
automatically generates manpages from programs  and outputs. This is not strictly required for bootstrapping but will help us to avoid patching build process to skip generation of manpages. This is the newest version of  that does not require Perl 5.8.

autoconf 2.61
Yet another version of.

automake 1.9.6
Latest GNU Automake from 1.9 series. Slightly annoyingly depends itself but it is easy to patch to make it buildable with 1.8.5. Then we rebuild  with itself.

findutils 4.2.33
GNU Find Utilities can be used to search for files. We are mainly interested in  and   that are often used in scripts.

libtool 2.2.4
Newer version of libtool which is more compatible with modern Autotools.

automake 1.10.3
GNU Automake from 1.10 series. is slightly patched to work with our.

autoconf 2.65
Slightly newer version of GNU Autoconf. At this stage Autoconf is mostly backwards compatible but newer versions need newer.

gcc 4.0.4
The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is an optimizing compiler produced by the GNU Project. GCC is a key component of the GNU toolchain and the standard compiler for most projects related to GNU and the Linux kernel.

Only the C frontend is built at this stage.

At this stage we are not yet able to regenerate top-level which needs GNU Autogen and hence Guile. Luckily, building GCC without top-level  is fairly easy.

musl 1.2.2
GCC can build the latest as of the time of writing musl version.

We also don't need any of the TCC patches that we used before.

gcc 4.0.4
Rebuild GCC with GCC and also against the latest musl.

util-linux 2.19.1
contains a number of general system administration utilities. Most pressingly, we need these for being able to mount disks (for non-chroot mode, but it is built it in chroot mode anyway because it will likely be useful later). The latest version is not used because of autotools/GCC incompatibilities.

kbd-1.15
contains  which is required for building the Linux kernel. The 2.x series is not used because it requires particular features of autotools that we do not have available.

make 3.82
GNU Make is updated by .02. The most notable thing is this is now built properly using the build system and GCC, which means that it does not randomly segfault while building the Linux kernel.

kexec-tools 2.0.22
is a utility for the Linux kernel that allows the re-execution of the Linux kernel without a manual restart from within a running system. It is a kind of soft-restart. It is only built for non-chroot mode, as we only use it in non-chroot mode. It is used to go into sysb/sysc.

create_sysb
The next step is not a package, but the creation of the sysb rootfs, containing all of the scripts for sysb (which merely move to sysc). Again, this is only done in non-chroot mode, because sysb does not exist in chroot mode.

Linux kernel 4.9.10
A lot going on here. This is the first (and currently only) time the Linux kernel is built. Firstly, Linux kernel version 4.9.x is used because newer versions require much more stringent requirements on the make, GCC, binutils versions. However, the docs are also wrong, as the latest of the 4.9.x series does not work with our version of binutils. However, a much earlier 4.9.10 does (selected arbitarily, could go newer but did not test), with a small amount of patching. This is also modern enough for most hardware and to cause few problems with software built in sysc. Secondly, the linux-libre scripts are used to deblob the kernel. Unauditable, unbootstrappable binary blobs within our kernel are unacceptable. Our gawk is too buggy/old so we use sed instead for this operation. Every other pregenerated file is appended with  so we use a   command to remove those, which are automatically regenerated. The kernel config was originally taken from Void Linux, and was then modified for the requirements of live-bootstrap, including compiler features, drivers, and removing modules. Speaking of which, modules cannot be used. These cannot be transferred to subsequent systems, and we do not have. Lastly, the initramfs of sysb is generated in this stage, using  within the Linux kernel tree. This avoids the compilation of  as well.

go_sysb
This is the last step of sysa, run for non-chroot mode. It uses kexec to load the new Linux kernel into RAM and execute it, moving into sysb.

sysb
sysb is purely a transition to sysc, allowing binaries from sysa to get onto a disk (as sysa does not nessecarily have hard disk support in the kernel). It populates device nodes, mounts sysc, copies over data, and executes sysc.

bash 5.1
Up to this point, our build of  could run scripts but could not be used interactively. This new version of  compiles without any patches, provides new features, and is built with GNU readline support so it can be used as an interactive shell. is used to regenerate the configure script and  is used to recreate some included generated files.

xz 5.0.5
XZ Utils is a set of free software command-line lossless data compressors, including lzma and xz. In most cases, xz achieves higher compression rates than alternatives like gzip and bzip2.

automake 1.11.2
GNU Automake from 1.11 series. This is not the latest point release as newer ones need Autoconf 2.68.

autoconf 2.69
This is a much newer version of GNU Autoconf.

automake 1.15.1
GNU Automake from 1.15 series. This is the last version that runs on Perl 5.6.

tar 1.34
Newer tar has better support for decompressing .tar.bz2 and .tar.xz archives. It also deals better with modern tar archives with extra metadata.

coreutils 8.32
We build the latest available coreutils 8.32 which adds needed options to make results of build metadata reproducible. For example, timestamps are changed with .

pkg-config 0.29.2
pkg-config is a helper tool that helps to insert compile and link time flags.

make 4.2.1
A newer version of make built using autotools is much more reliable and is compiled using a modern C compiler and C library. This removes a couple of segfaults encountered later in the process and allows more modern make features to be used. We do not go for the latest because of the use of automake 1.16 which we do not have yet.

gmp 6.2.1
GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP) is a free library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers, and floating-point numbers.

GMP is required by newer versions of GCC and Guile.

autoconf-archive 2021.02.19
The GNU Autoconf Archive is a collection of Autoconf macros that are used by various projects and in particular GNU MPFR.

mpfr 4.1.0
The GNU Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliable Library (GNU MPFR) is a library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point computation with correct rounding, based on GNU Multi-Precision Library.

mpc 3.2.1
GNU MPC is a library for multiprecision complex arithmetic with exact rounding based on GNU MPFR.

flex 2.5.33
An older version of flex is required for bison 2.3. We cannot use 2.5.11 that was compiled much earlier, as it does not produce reproducible output when building bison 2.3.

bison 2.3
This is an older version of bison required for the bison files in perl 5.10.1. We backwards-bootstrap this from 3.4.1, using 3.4.1 to compile the bison files in 2.3. This parser works sufficiently well for perl 5.10.5.

bison 3.4.2
Bison 3.4.1 is buggy and segfaults when perl 5.32.1 is built. This is probably because it was built with a hand-written makefile. We do not build the latest bison because perl 5.32.1 requires bison <= 3.4.2.

perl 5.10.1
Perl 5.10.1 is an intermediate version used before Perl 5.32. We require this version as it adds a couple of modules into lib/ required to regenerate files in Perl 5.32. We still use the Makefile instead of the metaconfig strategy, as metaconfig history becomes poor more than a few years back.

dist 3.5-236
dist is perl's package used for generating Perl's Configure (which is written in Perl itself). We 'compile' (aka generate) metaconfig and manifake only from dist. We do not use dist's build system because it itself uses dist.

perl 5.32.1
We finally compile a full version of Perl using Configure. This includes all base extensions required and is the latest version of Perl. We are now basically able to run any Perl application we want.

automake 1.16.3
GNU Automake from 1.16 series that required newer Perl.

autoconf 2.71
GNU Autoconf 2.71 is even newer version of autoconf. It does not build with miniperl, so we postponed it until full perl was built.

patch 2.7.6
Our old patch was built with manual makefile and used mes libc. This is a newer version which we need in order to import gnulib into gettext.

gettext 0.21
GNU Gettext is an internationalization and localization system used for writing multilingual programs.

texinfo 6.7
Texinfo is a typesetting syntax used for generating documentation. We can now use script to convert  files into   documentation format.

zlib 1.2.11
zlib is a software library used for data compression and implements an abstraction of DEFLATE algorithm that is also used in.

gcc 4.7.4
GCC 4.7.4 is the last version written in C. This time we build both C and C++ backends. C++ backend has some dependency on  which is written in C++. Fortunately, it is easy to patch it out and resulting  compiler is capable of building.

gperf 3.1
is a perfect hash function generator (hash function is injective).

libunistring 0.9.10
Library for manipulating Unicode and C strings according to Unicode standard. This is a dependency of GNU Guile.

libffi 3.3
The libffi library provides a portable, high level programming interface to various calling conventions.

libatomic_ops 7.6.10
provides semi-portable access to hardware-provided atomic memory update operations on a number of architectures.

boehm-gc 8.0.4
The Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector can be used as a garbage collecting replacement for C malloc or C++ new.

guile 3.0.7
GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions (GNU Guile) is the preferred extension language system for the GNU Project and features an implementation of the programming language Scheme.

We use  project to bootstrap Guile's  without relying on pre-expanded code.